EDUCATIONAL AND DIY.
LAST update June 2016.
Click the pages you think might be interesting :-
AUDIO IDEAS FOR THE HOME
Listening pleasure, class A, log sawing, class B, class AB,
solid state history, measurements, enough is enough, NFB,
triodes and NFB, NFB and sales, circuit development,
in house transformers, future amps, preamps, SS amps,
NFB, tubes not bad, bandwidth, parts quality, tube choice,
capacitors, NOS tubes, testing tubes, add-ons, news groups.
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VACUUM TUBE USE IN AUDIO AMPLIFIERS :-
TUBE OPERATION 1
Basic tube operation, cathodes, anodes and grids, diodes, triodes
and pentodes.
Parameters of Ra, µ and gm.
Fig1. Schematic for a basic triode amplifier based on 6SN7.
DC flow for quiescent conditions, dc equilibrium, Mutual effect of
anode voltage and grid voltage on Ia electron flow,
Effect of cathode bypassing biasing on Ra, and gain.
The tube modeled as a generator.
Fig 2. Schematic of basic 6SN7 generator model for illustrating ac
operation of a tube.
NFB in the triode, AC signal flow, Cathode capacitor bypass
impedances, tube gain formula, gain without
capacitor bypassing.
Fig 3. Electrostatic effects in a 6SN7 triode.
NFB in the triode, how it reduces THD.
Fig 4. Electrostatic effects in the 6AU6 pentode, pentode and beam
tetrode operation, pentode Ra, µ and gm.
6AU6 triode connected and its amount of internal NFB.
NFB in 6SN7, and why ß = 1 / µ , with more NFB and gain equations.
The Miller effect.
TUBE OPERATION 2
Fig 5. Graph of 6SN7 Ra curves with load lines for 47k and 32k.
How to find Ra for a given working point and plot loadlines in steps
1 to19.
Comment on THD and other topology outcomes.
Fig 6. Scanned Ra curves from Samuel Seely, 1958.
Explanations about the Ra curves. About gain with CCS load and µ.
6SN7 THD with CCS load calculations from data curves.
TUBE OPERATION 3
How negative feedback works.
Fig 7. Schematic for Basic NFB around an amplifier.
Explanations and formula for NFB gain reductions and effects of NFB.
Fig 8. Schematic for TA 35Watt class AB triode amp using KT90.
General notes about this amp which has the same overall gain and NFB
as the basic example in Fig1.
Calculation method for output resistance with NFB.
The Model of the tube gain stage as a voltage generator.
Fig 9. Schematic of a power tube gain stage modeled as a generator
with resistor to indicate Ra.
Explanations about the generator model.
Fig 10. Schematic of a tube gain stage using 6SN7.
Fig 11. Schematic of a tube amp drawn with each stage as a generator
with loads and positions of shunt C to analyze the HF response and
graph all the attenuation profiles.
A whole lot more about NFB, output resistance.
A simple formula for calculating output resistance of a real amp.
More on stability of amplifiers with NFB and the use of RC networks
to tailor open loop gain.
Fig 12. Graph of tube amp frequency response without global NFB and
with global NFB, with no attempts to tailor open loop gain or phase
shift.
Fig 13. Graph of tube amp frequency response without and with NFB
but with RC gain and phase shift tailoring
networks in place.
More about stability and NFB.
Critical damping methods for tube amps with NFB.
TUBE OPERATION 4
About NFB within triodes,
Testing a 6550 to measure Ra, Gm and µ.
Fig 1. Schematic A and B for testing 6550.
Schematics A and B explained,
How to determine Beam Tetrode and Triode Ra,
µ, and Gm.
Simple method to find Beam Tetrode and Triode Ra,
µ, and Gm.
Equivalent Model, Beam Tetrode, UL, Triode, 6550
Fig 2. Equivalent Model for calculation gain of UL connected tubes.
Fig 3. Graph of Ra vs UL tap % for SE 6550.
SEUL 6550 and SEUL 6550 with CFB.
Fig 4. Schematics for SEUL and SEUL+CFB for 6550.
CFB with UL taps and without UL taps explained with maths.
TUBE OPERATION 5
About Input and Driver stages for PP tube amps.
Fig1. Schematic for basic input LTP.
Fig 2. Schematic for Driver LTP with balanced or un-balanced inputs.
Fig 3. Schematic for Optimal LTP input and driver LTP for high
level operation.
All explained with many calculations and considerations.
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SE AMP OUTPUT STAGE
CONFIGURATIONS
Content of this page is based around schematics.
Fig 1. Three most used basic SE amp stages, 13W to 10W, SE pure
tetrode, SE Ultralinear, SE triode, 1 x KT88/6550.
Fig 2. 20W+ amp with SEUL with 2 x EL34, KT66, KT88, KT90, KT120.
Fig 3. The Equivalent Model of KT88 with g1 and g2 inputs treated as
current generators.
This allows understanding of operating properties of a KT88, and its
Ra, gm g1, gm g2, and to analyze all voltages and currents in all
electrodes to determine voltage gain, and effect of local NFB.
The theory may be applied to all power tubes including pure triodes
which do not have a screen, such as 300B and 2A3.
Fig 4. 20W+ amp with CFB, with 2 x EL34, KT66, KT88, KT90, KT120,
using same SEUL OPT in Fig 2.
Fig 5. 36W SE amp with CFB with 3 x KT88 etc, using SEUL OPT,
25% UL tap, 1k3 : 5r6 Z ratio.
This was designed to include "choke sink" for cathode current, and
choke in anode feed for driver tube.
Probably nobody has ever built an amp like this because they need
to source good quality chokes.
The THD and Rout is much lower than conventional SEUL amps.
Fig 6. 25W PSEUL + CFB amp designed around the Hammond
1640SEA output transformer with mosfet CCS at KT88 cathodes,
Fig 7. 25W PSEUL + CFB amp designed around the Hammond
1640SEA output transformer with choke at KT88 cathodes,
Fig 8. SE CFB output stage and SEUL output stages with OPT
with 3 windings.
Fig 9. Choke Feed SEUL and SET output stages.
Fig 10. Choke Feed SET amp with 845.
Fig 11. Choke Feed SEUL with floating B+ supply.
Fig 12. Choke Feed SET with floating B+ supply.
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PP OUTPUT STAGE
CONFIGURATIONS
About unusual PP amps with seriesed output tubes in triode
class A, and for use of normal UL PP OPTs to obtain local
Cathode Feedback for much greater linearity in the output stage.
Fig 1. Waveforms of signal currents and 2H conventional
PP Class A1 triode amp with OPT with B+ at CT.
Fig 2. Waveforms of signal currents and 2H in series
connected class A1 triode amp with capacitor coupled OPT.
Fig 3. Complete series triode amplifier with bootstrapped
concertina phase inverter/driver.
Fig 4. Complete series triode amplifier with IST used for phase
inverter / driver.
Fig 5. Complete unconventional UL amplifier which uses
40% screen taps to provide local CFB from OPT.
Fig 6. Load line for class A with 6550/KT88
Relevant notes and explanations about all.
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LOADMATCHING TUBES TO ANODE LOADS.
LOAD MATCHING 1. SE TRIODES
Fig1. Anode resistance curves for GE6550A in triode from
the 1950s.
Explanations of how the curves were obtained and what the
curves mean. Fig 2. Schematic for testing power triodes.
Triode voltage generator model is included in explanations.
Fig 3. GE6550 triode curves with 2.5k RL and tangent to
calculate Ra, µ and gm for any chosen working point.
Explanation of what load lines are.
How to plot LL graphically and read for gain, calculate power
output, and 2H distortion.
Fig 4. Measured Po vs distortion for 3 load values used with
EH6550 in triode.
Fig 5. Measured Po vs distortion for 3 load values used with
GE6550A in triode.
Fig 6. Measured Po vs distortion for 3 load values used with
KT88 JJ-Tesla in triode.
Fig 7. Measured Po vs distortion for 3 load values used with
KT90EH in triode.
Fig 8. My corrected Ra curves for EH6550 in triode with 3 values
of RL plotted.
Comments on loads recommended for EH6550 in triode.
Fig 9. My curves for EH6550 in triode without LL so you can
download them for use.
Fig 10. Ra curves for 300B measured after 1990 with 4.5k
loadline details.
Comparison of THD with beam tetrodes strapped as triodes.
Fig 11. Ra curves for GE6550 triode measured after 1990 with
4.5k load line details.
List of conclusions about beam tetrodes used as SE triodes.
Fig 12. Intermodulation test rig schematic for measurement.
Fig 13. Measuring the intermodulation distortion using an
oscilloscope wave form.
Comments about THD and IMD significance.
LOAD MATCHING 2. SE BEAM
TETRODES and PENTODES
This page has the following content :-
Operation of the beam tetrode with cut-away sketch by RCA.
Fig1. Graph of Ra curves GE 6550A beam tetrode, Eg2 = +350V.
Fig 2. Graph of Ra curves for GE 6550A beam tetrode, Eg2 = +350V,
plus 3 load lines and calculated results for gain, power output
and second harmonic distortion.
Fig 3. Graph of Ra curves for GE6550A beam tetrode, Eg2 = +200V.
Fig 4. Graph of Ra curves for GE6550A with one load line for 3.5k
and calculated gain, power and 2H.
Explanation of the effects of NFB application for 6550 beam
tetrodes.
Formulas for NFB and output resistance.
Fig 5. Graph for power output for single 6550 beam tetrode vs anode
load value.
Choosing the OPT ratio.
Fig 6. Graph of 6550 Ra curves for 6550 in UL mode with
43% screen taps.
Calculated gain, power output and 2H for 4 different load values.
Data for Ra, µ and gm for UL and comment on the effects of NFB
and distortion outcomes.
LOAD MATCHING 3. PP TRIODES
A very brief history of triode use. Class A Push Pull operation
basics.
Fig 1. Schematic of basic PP triode output stage with current
waveforms
to explain 2H cancellations.
Comments on class AB1 amps, Williamson's amp, Class AB
efficiency,
preferences, Class AB1 basics.
Fig 2. Graph of EH6550 triode curves with load lines for 5k a-a.
Minimum load for PP triode AB amps, Class AB1 operation explained.
How to plot a load line to give the outcome for class AB triodes,
Anode heat dissipation, Comment on B+ regulation, Biasing the class
AB PP stage, Distortion, Output resistance, Negative feedback.
Using a higher RL value.
Fig 3. Graph for PP 6550 triode class AB1 power output vs RL values.
Class AB power and portion of class A power listed for 8k : 6r0
loading.
Fig 4. Schematic for 35 watt class AB1 PP triode amp with KT90.
Speaker SPLs with 25 watts. Output transformer ratios.
Comment on using KT90 or multiple tubes.
LOAD MATCHING 4. PP BEAM
TETRODES
Beam tetrode background,
Fig 1. Loadline graph for PP beam tetrode 6550 with 4k a-a load.
Plotting loadlines for PP tetrodes, 17 steps to find maximum class
AB power, class A power.
Heat dissipation considerations and measurement, 92 watt Class
AB power with Ea = 600V.
Biasing the output tubes, Distortion, Output resistance.
Using a higher RL such as 8ka-a,
Global NFB, its effect on output resistance, Calculation of amount
of applied NFB and the output resistance with applied NFB.
Fig 2. Graph of power out vs RL .
Loading the PP beam tetrode output stage, OPT ratios.
Ultralinear + other output tube configurations, Driver amplifier
comments.
How to match loads to power tubes, load matching to 6550 & KT88
and to some other beam tetrodes, pentodes and triodes.
LOAD MATCHING 5
About KT120, KT90, KT88, 6550.
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OTL AMPS, PROS AND CONS
This page is about :-
OTL amps, strengths and weaknesses, why OTL is so flawed.
Improving OTL performance, 1 to 6.
Table 1, Helps to explain use of mains toroidal PT as a speaker
matching transformer. Notes about Toroidal PT use.
Fig 1. Using a pair of 6AS7, loadlines for 4r, 8r, 16r, 32r, 64r,
and about what happens.
Calculating Pda for any level of operation.
Fig 2. Graph for Pda when using 4r to 64r loads.
Fig 3. Loadlines for class A1 with 6AS7.
Notes on class A1 use of 6AS7 - with OPT.
Table 2. Loading for class A1 using various numbers of pairs of
output tubes.
Fig 4. Use of Class AB1 operation with 6AS7
Table 3. Use of 6AS7 with a "normal" PP OPT for class AB1
operation.
Table 4. Use of 6AS7 in Series Connection and with OPT for PP
AB1 operation.
Use of 6C33c, notes.
Fig 5. Loadlines for 4r using 6C33c, Class B1, with Ea = +80V
and +150V.
Discussions on peak tube current ability of 6C33c.
Fig 6. Class A1 operation and loadlines for 6C33c.
Table 5. Class A1 loading for Ea and Ia and for Pda at idle =
40Watts.
Table 6. Configurations and output loads for a pair of 6C33c.
Fig 7. Understanding Class B1 loadlines for 6C33c.
Fig 8. Understanding Class AB1 operation of 6C33c.
Fig 9. Three basic ways for PP output tubes to be configured.
Fig 10. Schematic 30W class AB1 amp, 6CG7, EL34, IST,
6C33c Series Connected, + OPT.
Fig 11. Schematic 28W class AB1 amp, 2 x 6CG7, EL34,
6C33c Series Connected, + OPT.
Fig 12. Schematic 28W class AB1 amp, 6CG7, 2 x EL84,
Technics FB circuit, 6C33c Series Connected, + OPT.
Fig 13. Schematic 30W class AB1 amp, 6DJ8, 2 x EL84,
6C33c, Normal PP OPT.
Fig 14. Schematic 30W class AB1 amp, 6DJ8, 2 x EL84,
6C33c, Circlotron PP OPT.
Class A1 SET with 6C33c.
Fig 15. Loadlines for class A1 with 6C33c SET.
Fig 16. Schematic 29W Class A1 SET amp, 6DJ8, EL34,
2 x 6C33c parallel + air gapped OPT.
Fig 17. Schematic 29W Class A1 SET amp, 6CG7,
EL34 with g2 FB, 2 x 6C33c parallel + air gapped OPT with
50% CFB.
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OUTPUT TRANSFORMER THEORY
Function of the output transformer, ( OPT ). How the OPT works.
Impedance and resistance transformation.
Fig1. Equivalent model of Ultralinear output stage tubes and OPT.
Functions in the model and preferred OPT characteristics.
Test conditions for specifying OPT performance. Description of
OPT No1, wire and turns and insulation description.
Fig 2. Cross section of bobbin winding details.
Fig 3. Schematic of OPT No1 when used in UL with two impedance
matching settings shown.
Fig 4. Schematic of OPT No1 when used with 12.5% CFB windings
and with two impedance matching settings shown.
Notes re recommended amounts of CFB to be used. Impedance
matching notes.
Table 1. Impedance matching available with OPT No1.
Table 2. Recommended output tubes for OPT No1 with winding losses.
Comments about alternative tubes used with OPT No1.
Specification for OPT No1, notes re LF behavior, power handling
ability,
HF behavior, HF resonances, and distortion.
Description of PP OPT No2, of SE OPT No3.
Brief note about SE OPT No4.
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PUSH PULL OPT CALCULATIONS.
5 pages covering this subject.
PP OPT Calc Page 1
Contents, Brief reference to Radiotron Designer's Handbook,
4th Ed, 1955. Some general notes.
Design steps 1 to 34 for 2 x 6550/KT88/KT90, for TETRODES
and PENTODES.
Design example is for OPT-1A for up to 75Watts of audio power
between 14Hz and 65kHz.
Loadline analysis, waveforms, metric wire size table, bobbin
winding diagrams, blank sheets you may use.
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PP OPT Calc Page 2
Design of OPT-1A continued....
Design steps 14 to 29 for 2 x 6550/KT88/KT90,
for TETRODES and PENTODES.
Many drawings, explanations, calculations etc.
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PP OPT Calc Page 3
Design of OPT-1A continued...
Design steps 30 to 46 for 2 x 6550/KT88/KT90, for
TETRODES and PENTODES.
Many drawings, explanations, calculations etc.
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PP OPT Calc Page 4
TAPPED SECONDARY WINDINGS for OPT-1ATS.
Design steps 47 to 53 for 2 x 6550/KT88/KT90, for
TETRODES and PENTODES.
Many drawings, explanations, calculations etc.
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PP OPT Calc Page 5
FOR PP TRIODE CLASS A1 AND AB1, OPT-2A
Design steps 55 to 63, then 14T to 29T for 2 x 6550/KT88/KT90,
TRIODE CONNECTED.
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SPEAKER MATCHING
TRANSFORMERS
This page is about speaker matching transformers, SMT used :-
1. As Separate Black box between an amp and low Z speaker to raise
the ohm load
on an amp.
2. As fixed OPTs installed into an OTL tube amp or as OPT driven by
mosfets to
to raise the loads to operate with high % of pure class A1 Po.
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ANODE DISSIPATION page
1
This page still being written 2015...
Calculations of anode heat dissipation for class AB and B amps
with OPTs. Many graphs and explanations and formulas etc.
( Just DO NOT LET ANY DEVICES GET TOO HOT, EVER! )
AB or B amps with low bias currents, and without OPTs, aka "OTL"
amps with 6C33C or 6AS7G. Graphs and calculation examples, etc.
The subject is covered in OTL-amps-pros-cons.html
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SINGLE ENDED OUTPUT TRANSFORMER CALCULATIONS.
3 pages for this subject.
SE OPT Calculations Page 1
Notes on RDH4, SE amp history, trends and preferences.
For operating conditions of common tubes.
Table 1. SE Pentodes, Beam Tetrodes, CFB, UL,
Table 2. SE Triodes.
Interpreting Table 1 and Table 2.
Design example for SE OPT4 with EL34.
Steps 1 to 30 with many diagrams, tables, and calculations.
Blank sheets for drawing response curves.
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SE OPT Calculations Page 2
SE OPT4 design continued,
Steps 31 to 44 with many diagrams, tables, and calculations.
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SE OPT Calculations Page 3
Practical Testing of 8 Watt SEUL OPT for 1 x EL34 for old AM radio.
Fig 19. Schematic for rather good 8 Watt SE amp, notes,
old radio picture. Oscilloscope pictures of waveforms produced
with 8 Watt SEUL OPT. SE OPT Easy Method for calculating any
SE OPT, for Basic Parameters only.
Steps 1E to 10E.
High Voltage testing of transformers, test schematic, OPT3 details.
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SE OPT for 1 x 13E1 ,
25W, or for multiple parallel octal tubes.
Design flow for a couple of 25W SE OPT to suit 1 x 13E1 or 3 or
4 KT88/6550/KT90/300B or 4 x EL34, 5881, 6L6GC, 807.
Fig 1. OPT5 for SE 1.8k : 5 ohms with 44T x 50S core, all details.
Fig 2. OPT6 for SE 1.8k : 2 to 14 ohms with 51T x 51S core,
all details.
Metric winding wire size chart for grade 2 polyester-imide wire.
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WINDING OUTPUT TRANSFORMERS
Practical winding methods and description.
What you need to consider for DIY winding OPT.
Image 1. Bobbin winding details for OPT No1 mentioned in
OPT theory.
Image 2.; Four transformers on a work bench.
Image 3. Two 300w OPT on bench.
Image 4. 500w OPT on table.
Image 5. Winding lathe with bobbin being wound.
Image 6. Wound bobbin close up.
Image 7. Close up of 300w OPT handmade bobbins on bench.
Winding procedure, varnishing, alternative to varnish is applying
Estapol 7008.
Metric winding wire size chart for grade 2 polyester-imide wire.
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TUBE AMP POWER SUPPLIES
Definition of linear power supplies.
Fig 1. Basic wave forms in rectifier circuits.
Single phase house wiring, ac waveform basics, filling the bath
with water, diode resistance, ripple voltage vs C vs Idc.
Cap ripple current and voltage ratings, ac to dc conversion ratios,
doubler rectifiers.
Fig 2. Schematic of 8585 amp power supply used as example for
PS calculations.
Minimum C value for reservoir C1 input cap, C reactance,
Ripple voltage calcs,
peak charge currents, charge current limiting, CRC and CLC filters,
R and choke values, LC resonance, choke reactance, LC damping
resistance, CT cap values, need for chokes. DC heater supplies,
B+ regulators. CRCRC and CLCLC filters.
Fig 3. Schematic for solid state regulator for screen supplies in
300Watt amp.
Send me your SMPS schematics for B+ supplies.
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POWER TRANSFORMERS AND CHOKES
About power transformer and choke design,
I have refurbished the 2006 page and created a sub page solely
for chokes.
Three pages about chokes :-
Chokes 1 basic chokes, testing
chokes and for CLC PSU filters.
Chokes 2 Filter chokes
for "choke input" or LC filters in power supplies.
Chokes 3 Chokes for DC
anode feed.
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POWER SUPPLY FOR TESTING
TUBES
Here is a rugged PSU design with HV rated bjts for adjustable
regulated B+ voltages from +126Vdc to +585Vdc for up to 500mAdc
output, and short circuit proofed.
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RADIO
RE-ENGINEERING
Several examples of radical re makes of old radios with serious
quality problems. Many pictures, some schematics.
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TURNER AM-FM
TUNER
A totally tubed radio tuner including tubed multiplex decoder.
Schematics, notes, and an image.
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AM GENERATION WITH
SOLID STATE
Principles of AM generation using bjts and mosfets,
many schematics and wave forms,
and why I chose not to use solid state to make an RF signal gene
with AM
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RF GENERATION WITH TUBES AND
AM AND FM
RF gene for workshop for 375kHz to 1,750kHz in two tunable bands.
The RF can be amplitude modulated with AF between 5Hz and 20kHz.
3 selectable RF bands are FM modulated using zener diodes as
varicaps
with internal 30Hz saw toot ramp generator.
Sheets 1, 2, 3 for all signal circuits. You need to be able to make
your own
PSU to give the +/- Vdc rails shown. This complex unit is not for
beginners.
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THD MEASUREMENT
Sheet 1, Block diagram of THD measurement of amplifier,
Sheet 2, Wien Bridge oscillator, 1kHz, 0.004% thd,
Sheet 3, Attenuator and buffer and filter after 1kHz oscillator,
Sheet 4, L&C Bridged T notch filter for nulling 1kHz,
THD amp and filters.
Sheet 5, Hi Zin buffer for use with hi Z source to be tested.
Sheet 6, Front panel for THD testing unit.
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AMPLIFIER FREQUENCY
RESPONSE TESTING
Listed test gear needed for testing amps,
Graph 1, blank sheet for use to plot response graphs.
Fig 1, Wien bridge sine wave oscillator with op-amp and switched F.
Fig 2. Square wave oscillator with switched F and bjt amp.
Fig 3, Wien bridge sine wave oscillator with bjts amp.
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VAC VOLTMETER-1
Made 2013.
Details of bench-top analog Vac meter using discrete solid
state parts. 12 Vac ranges 1mV, 3.16mV, 10.0mV up to 316.0Vac,
Five schematics, SHEETS 1 to 5, about voltage dividers,
Vac measurements, Vrms metering, all for wide bandwidth
1.4Hz to 250kHz, -1dB.
VAC VOLTMETER-2
Made 2015, similar to 2013 Vac meter.
12 Vac ranges 0-1mV in +10dB steps to 0-320Vac.
Five schematics SHEETS 1 to 5, for Vrms metering,
bandwidth 0.5Hz to 3MHz, -1dB
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WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
6 decade frequency ranges, 1Hz to 1MHz, with square waves.
Three schematics :-
Fig 1 The switched R & C positive FB network, the simplified
amp schematic with output attenuator and the negative FB
network with j-fet to vary the amount of NFB.
Fig 2 shows the full details of the amp using discrete j-fets and
bjts which gave wider BW than most common op-amps.
Fig 3 Gives basic properties of the Wien Bridge network.
Fig 4 shows the Schmitt Trigger square wave schematic.
Full descriptions of schematics and expected problems
DIYers and dummies will face.
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WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
WITH TUBES
This page is about Wien bridge oscillators using vacuum tubes
and some solid state for square waves.
Fig1, Wien bridge oscillator, tubed, from 2005. 1Hz to 220kHz
Fig 2, Wien bridge oscillator, tubed, SHEET 1, amp, 2013. 1Hz - 2MHz
Fig 3, Wien bridge oscillator, tubed, SHEET 2, buffer, output.
Fig 4, Wien bridge oscillator, tubed, SHEET 3, Schmitt trigger &
amp.
Graph 1, Square wave harmonic content.
Fig 5, Wien bridge oscillator, tubed, SHEET 4, Power supply.
Fig 6, Small signal bjt discrete bjt op-amp.
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MISCELLANEOUS SCHEMATICS 1
1010w Integrated, One channel shown with 2 x 6GW8, UL, classAB.
Two triode phono stage NFB 1 x 12AX7, feedback RIAA eq.
Three triode phono stage NFB 1 x 12AX7, feedback RIAA eq, cathode
follower output.
Three triode phono stage Passive 1.5 x 12AX7, passive RIAA eq,
cathode follower output.
Phono Amp PSU Schematic Low-power supply for 2 and 3 tube preamps.
10 tube Preamp April 2000, 5 x twin triodes per channel, 1 x j-fet
2SK369.
Simple pre-preamp. A test circuit showing THD for a single 2SK369
j-fet.
Test filter, Reverse RIAA A simple test filter with discrete RC
components.
MISCELLANEOUS SCHEMATICS 2
Basic Balanced Shunt FB. 2 x 6L6GC.
Balanced Shunt FB, 100W, 4 x 6550 per channel.
Automatic servo bias control 1 x KT88 etc.
Error correction standard UL amp, 2 x KT88 etc.
Error correction fully balanced 2 x KT88 etc.
Simple line preamps 1 and 2. 2 triodes.
Simple line preamps 3, 4 and 5. 2 and 3 triodes.
Line preamp with switched gain and CCS. 2 triodes.
Where appropriate I have included explanations.
Email your indispensable wisdom if you like.
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